COLONIAL HISTORY:
Albania
"Albania was occupied by various powers during its history, including the Roman Empire, Serbia and Otoman Empire During WWI, Albania was occupied in succession by the armies of Greece, Serbia, France, Italy and Austria-Hungary."-
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/albania/history#ixzz4RGSSqQWL
Albania was formerly owned by many empires and was later ruled by the military of different countries.
"Albania was occupied by various powers during its history, including the Roman Empire, Serbia and Otoman Empire During WWI, Albania was occupied in succession by the armies of Greece, Serbia, France, Italy and Austria-Hungary."-
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/albania/history#ixzz4RGSSqQWL
Albania was formerly owned by many empires and was later ruled by the military of different countries.
Andorra
"Andorra’s dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century. Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute. This feudal system of government remained intact until 1993."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Andorra
Andorra was based on a feudal system of government between Spain and France.
"Andorra’s dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century. Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute. This feudal system of government remained intact until 1993."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Andorra
Andorra was based on a feudal system of government between Spain and France.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
"Ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 15th century, the region came under the control of Austria-Hungary in 1878 and subsequently played a key role in the outbreak of World War I. In 1918 it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, where it had no formal status of its own. After World War II it became a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the disintegration of that state in 1991, the majority of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina voted for independence in a 1992 referendum. Much of the country’s Serb population, however, opposed independence and boycotted the referendum."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina were under the Ottoman Empire until Austria-Hungary took over, this was a major factor in World War I. During World War II it became part of the Yugoslav republic. When the Yugoslav Republic came to an end, independence was voted on and opposed.
"Ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 15th century, the region came under the control of Austria-Hungary in 1878 and subsequently played a key role in the outbreak of World War I. In 1918 it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, where it had no formal status of its own. After World War II it became a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the disintegration of that state in 1991, the majority of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina voted for independence in a 1992 referendum. Much of the country’s Serb population, however, opposed independence and boycotted the referendum."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina were under the Ottoman Empire until Austria-Hungary took over, this was a major factor in World War I. During World War II it became part of the Yugoslav republic. When the Yugoslav Republic came to an end, independence was voted on and opposed.
Croatia
"Croatia (Hrvatska) is an ancient nation, yet a very young nation state. Once a formidable kingdom under Tomislav in the tenth century, a naval power in the sixteenth and seventeenth, and an awakening national entity in the nineteenth, it had to endure a thousand years of foreign meddling, subjugation, incursions, and outright wars before being recognized in 1992 as a distinct entity.
The present-day republic is composed of the historically Croatian regions of Croatia-Slavonia (located in the upper arm of the country), Istria (centered on the Istrian Peninsula on the northern Adriatic coast), and Dalmatia (corresponding to the coastal strip). Although these regions were ruled for centuries by various foreign powers, they remained firmly Western-oriented in culture, acquiring a legacy of Roman law, the Latin alphabet, and western European political and economic traditions and institutions."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia
Croatia was once a kingdom under Tomislav in the tenth century, but in the eighteenth to nineteenth century their government started to shift into what is now a republic.
"Croatia (Hrvatska) is an ancient nation, yet a very young nation state. Once a formidable kingdom under Tomislav in the tenth century, a naval power in the sixteenth and seventeenth, and an awakening national entity in the nineteenth, it had to endure a thousand years of foreign meddling, subjugation, incursions, and outright wars before being recognized in 1992 as a distinct entity.
The present-day republic is composed of the historically Croatian regions of Croatia-Slavonia (located in the upper arm of the country), Istria (centered on the Istrian Peninsula on the northern Adriatic coast), and Dalmatia (corresponding to the coastal strip). Although these regions were ruled for centuries by various foreign powers, they remained firmly Western-oriented in culture, acquiring a legacy of Roman law, the Latin alphabet, and western European political and economic traditions and institutions."-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia
Croatia was once a kingdom under Tomislav in the tenth century, but in the eighteenth to nineteenth century their government started to shift into what is now a republic.
Greece
"In the first half of the first millennium BCE, Greek city-states, most of which were maritime powers, began to look beyond Greece for land and resources, and so they founded colonies across the Mediterranean. Trade contacts were usually the first steps in the colonization process and then, later, once local populations were subdued or included within the colony, cities were established. These could have varying degrees of contact with the homeland, but most became fully independent city-states, sometimes very Greek in character, in other cases culturally closer to the indigenous peoples they neighbored and included within their citizenry. One of the most important consequences of this process, in broad terms, was that the movement of goods, people, art, and ideas in this period spread the Greek way of life far and wide to Spain, France, Italy, the Adriatic, the Black Sea, and North Africa. In total then, the Greeks established some 500 colonies which involved up to 60,000 Greek citizen colonists, so that by 500 BCE these new territories would eventually account for 40% of all Greeks in the Hellenic World."-
http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Colonization/
Colonization in Greece began with people seeking more land, this desire led to the colonization of Greece which later led to movement of goods (trade) and cultural diffusion to other surrounding countries.
"In the first half of the first millennium BCE, Greek city-states, most of which were maritime powers, began to look beyond Greece for land and resources, and so they founded colonies across the Mediterranean. Trade contacts were usually the first steps in the colonization process and then, later, once local populations were subdued or included within the colony, cities were established. These could have varying degrees of contact with the homeland, but most became fully independent city-states, sometimes very Greek in character, in other cases culturally closer to the indigenous peoples they neighbored and included within their citizenry. One of the most important consequences of this process, in broad terms, was that the movement of goods, people, art, and ideas in this period spread the Greek way of life far and wide to Spain, France, Italy, the Adriatic, the Black Sea, and North Africa. In total then, the Greeks established some 500 colonies which involved up to 60,000 Greek citizen colonists, so that by 500 BCE these new territories would eventually account for 40% of all Greeks in the Hellenic World."-
http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Colonization/
Colonization in Greece began with people seeking more land, this desire led to the colonization of Greece which later led to movement of goods (trade) and cultural diffusion to other surrounding countries.
Italy
"Ancient Rome started to emerge about 753BC and existed for over twelve centuries. The history of Ancient Rome can be divided into two main periods, the Republic (509BC-27BC) and the Empire (27 BC- AD 476). In the beginning, when Rome was still just a city, the Romans developed a form of government known as a republic. The Republic was ruled by a senate (a governing council). The men elected to the senate were called senators. Rome's expansion from city to empire began with the conquest of the Italian peninsula and the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. There were three reasons Rome expanded territory and colonize surrounding countries.
- As the Romans become wealthier and more powerful, they gained more enemies. In order to maintain their power, the Romans intentionally attacked and defeated their potential enemies.
- The Romans needed land for a growing population.
- Winning was extremely important to the Romans. The Romans greatly rewarded a general whenever he won on the battlefield.
When Caesar was in power, he took away the rights of founding colonies from the people. Only the Roman emperors had the right to found colonies which then became military settlements. In this way Rome was able to secure the conquered territories of the empire. From that time on, colonies had to pay taxes to Rome.
The Roman Empire consisted basically of the unity of the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans, inhabitants of a small town in the Italian peninsula, in the western basin of the Mediterranean, had managed to conquer first the entire western basin, and then the eastern basin of this almost land-locked body of water. The regions that had been united were so different that they would not have come together if they had not been brought together by force, and they would not have stayed together if the rulers had not developed institutions that held them together.
http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-17_u-504_t-1362_c-5240/qld/sose/colonisation-resources-power-and-exploration/colonisation-history/the-romans
http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/roman_empire.html
Italian Colonial Empire is the name given, in 1936, to the set of territories owned by Italy between 1882 and 1947. Origin of Italian colonialism can be found in the desire to take part in the great partition of African lands by European powers, and also in the real need to find a way to channel the surplus of population that was actually emigrating into Tunisia, France and the Americas. Italy began to form a colonial empire in 1869 by buying land in the Bay of Assab on the Red Sea from the local sultan. It occupied the whole of Eritrea, which was made a colony in 1889, but its attempt to seize Ethiopia was defeated at Adowa in 1896. This led to the downfall of the government of Francesco Crispi and remained an embarrassment for nationalists, who had expected a united Italy to gain glory abroad.
Italy recognized the independence of Ethiopia, but still retained much influence there because of her colonies in neighboring Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. This latter had been annexed or purchased piece by piece with a series of pacific treaties with local sultans and , in part, ceded by Great Britain as a compensation for Italy that did not receive any of the German colonies parted after WWI. Italy acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (these two regions together forms modern Libya) in the war with Turkey in 1911-12, as well as Rhodes and the islands of Dodecanese (at present, part of Greece).
Italian troops captured the Ethiopian capital of Addis Abeba in the spring of 1936, and, on May 9, 1936, Victor Emmanuel III was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia. The last Italian acquisition was Albania, a former Italian protectorate, which was annexed with a pretext in 1939. At its peak, just before WWII, the Italian Empire comprehended the territories of present time Italy, Albania, Rhodes, Dodecanese, Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, 2/3 of Somalia and the little concession of Tientsin in China, (obtained in 1902 after its participation in the international expedition against Boxers). This was only brought to an end by the intervention of the allied armies, the formation of the partisans, the abdication of the king and the end of Mussolini (28 April-2 May 1945). According to the treaty of Paris (1947), Italy had to accept losing all of its colonies, and just remained "protector" of Somalia until 1960."-
http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=italian_colonial
Due to the many advantages and resources Rome had at that time, the Roman Empire sought to expand which lead to the greater colonization of Italy and the area surrounding Italy, including the Italian Peninsula and the Mediterranean Sea. Italy later started to colonize areas that weren't as close, such as countries located in Africa. Italy later recognized the independence of those countries.
Malta
"Since 1803, Malta was under British influence and in 1814 the other European powers recognized Malta as a British colony by the Treaty of Paris. Malta gained its independence on 21 September 1964."-
http://www.localhistories.org/malta.html
Malta was first colonized by the British, but later declared its independence.
"Since 1803, Malta was under British influence and in 1814 the other European powers recognized Malta as a British colony by the Treaty of Paris. Malta gained its independence on 21 September 1964."-
http://www.localhistories.org/malta.html
Malta was first colonized by the British, but later declared its independence.
Montenegro
"The first inhabitants on the Balkan peninsula were the ancient people known as the Illyrians, occupied by the Roman empire. The Slavic people followed in the 6th and 7th centuries. What is now Montenegro was the Serbian principality of Zeta in the 14th century. The principality was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th to the 19th century, though this mountainous region managed to evade tight Ottoman control. It then became a principality within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and in 1878 achieved independence."-
http://www.infoplease.com/country/montenegro.html
The first people in Montenegro where the natives, then came the Roman Empire. Montenegro was later under the Ottoman Empire then under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Finally in 1878, Montenegro declared its independence.
"The first inhabitants on the Balkan peninsula were the ancient people known as the Illyrians, occupied by the Roman empire. The Slavic people followed in the 6th and 7th centuries. What is now Montenegro was the Serbian principality of Zeta in the 14th century. The principality was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th to the 19th century, though this mountainous region managed to evade tight Ottoman control. It then became a principality within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and in 1878 achieved independence."-
http://www.infoplease.com/country/montenegro.html
The first people in Montenegro where the natives, then came the Roman Empire. Montenegro was later under the Ottoman Empire then under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Finally in 1878, Montenegro declared its independence.
Portugal
"Portugal is a small country located in Western Europe at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the 1400s, the Portuguese, led by famous explorers like Bartolomeo Dias and Vasco de Gama and financed by the great Prince Henry the Navigator, sailed to, explored, and settled in South America, Africa, and Asia. Portugal's empire, which survived for more than six centuries, was the first of the great European global empires. Its former possessions are now located in across fifty countries around the world. The Portuguese created colonies for numerous reasons - to trade for spices, gold, agricultural products and other resources, to create more markets for Portuguese goods, to spread Catholicism, and to "civilize" the natives of these distant places. Portugal's colonies brought great wealth to this small country. The empire gradually declined because Portugal did not have enough people or resources to maintain so many overseas territories. Its former colonies include: Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Goa, India, East Timor and Macau."-
http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/The-Portuguese-Empire.htm
Portugal started to seek more land in other places to spread religion, find wealth, and gain recognition/ glory. In the 1400s Portuguese explorers colonized parts of South America, but later those colonies declared independence.
"Portugal is a small country located in Western Europe at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the 1400s, the Portuguese, led by famous explorers like Bartolomeo Dias and Vasco de Gama and financed by the great Prince Henry the Navigator, sailed to, explored, and settled in South America, Africa, and Asia. Portugal's empire, which survived for more than six centuries, was the first of the great European global empires. Its former possessions are now located in across fifty countries around the world. The Portuguese created colonies for numerous reasons - to trade for spices, gold, agricultural products and other resources, to create more markets for Portuguese goods, to spread Catholicism, and to "civilize" the natives of these distant places. Portugal's colonies brought great wealth to this small country. The empire gradually declined because Portugal did not have enough people or resources to maintain so many overseas territories. Its former colonies include: Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Goa, India, East Timor and Macau."-
http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/The-Portuguese-Empire.htm
Portugal started to seek more land in other places to spread religion, find wealth, and gain recognition/ glory. In the 1400s Portuguese explorers colonized parts of South America, but later those colonies declared independence.
San Marino
"According to tradition, San Marino was founded about A.D. 350 and had the good luck for centuries to stay out of the many wars and feuds on the Italian peninsula. It is the oldest republic in the world. San Marino has survived, completely intact, attacks by other self-governing Italian city-states, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification of Italy, and two world wars."-
http://www.infoplease.com/country/san-marino.html
San Marino is located on the Italian Peninsula, it is though that San Marino has had good luck because it has survived from many of the wars that took place.
"According to tradition, San Marino was founded about A.D. 350 and had the good luck for centuries to stay out of the many wars and feuds on the Italian peninsula. It is the oldest republic in the world. San Marino has survived, completely intact, attacks by other self-governing Italian city-states, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification of Italy, and two world wars."-
http://www.infoplease.com/country/san-marino.html
San Marino is located on the Italian Peninsula, it is though that San Marino has had good luck because it has survived from many of the wars that took place.
Serbia
"The Serbian Empire is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan Peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan Dušan, known as "the Mighty", who significantly expanded the state. By 1345, Dušan the Mighty had expanded his state to cover half of the Balkans, more territory than either the Byzantine Empire or the Second Bulgarian Empire. His son and successor, Uroš the Weak, lost most of the territory (hence his epithet). The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Stefan V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state."-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire
Serbia was under the Serbian Kingdom and under the rule of King Stefan Dusan. He conquered a lot of land, but his son and heir, Uros the Weak, had lost most of that land when he inherited the throne.
"The Serbian Empire is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan Peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan Dušan, known as "the Mighty", who significantly expanded the state. By 1345, Dušan the Mighty had expanded his state to cover half of the Balkans, more territory than either the Byzantine Empire or the Second Bulgarian Empire. His son and successor, Uroš the Weak, lost most of the territory (hence his epithet). The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Stefan V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state."-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire
Serbia was under the Serbian Kingdom and under the rule of King Stefan Dusan. He conquered a lot of land, but his son and heir, Uros the Weak, had lost most of that land when he inherited the throne.
Slovenia
"The Celtic Tribes established the first state in the territory of Slovenia, a kingdom named Regnum Noricum. The Romans began occupying the area in the 2nd century BCE. In the 6th century the Slavs settled the area, having migrated from the fringes of the Carpathians. The 12th and 13th centuries saw the establishment of the major feudal families, as the Habsburgs grew in power, while the towns of Primorska became part of the Venetian Republic. Habsburg domination was threatened by the sole Slovenian noble family, the Counts of Celje, who died out in the second half of the 15th century. All of present-day Slovenia other than the towns of Primorska fell into Habsburg hands. Slovenia was invaded by the Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries. The 18th century, Solovenia was under the rule of Habsburg empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II, followed by the Napoleonic rule."-
http://www.slovenia.info/?zgodovina_slovenije=6279
"The Celtic Tribes established the first state in the territory of Slovenia, a kingdom named Regnum Noricum. The Romans began occupying the area in the 2nd century BCE. In the 6th century the Slavs settled the area, having migrated from the fringes of the Carpathians. The 12th and 13th centuries saw the establishment of the major feudal families, as the Habsburgs grew in power, while the towns of Primorska became part of the Venetian Republic. Habsburg domination was threatened by the sole Slovenian noble family, the Counts of Celje, who died out in the second half of the 15th century. All of present-day Slovenia other than the towns of Primorska fell into Habsburg hands. Slovenia was invaded by the Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries. The 18th century, Solovenia was under the rule of Habsburg empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II, followed by the Napoleonic rule."-
http://www.slovenia.info/?zgodovina_slovenije=6279
Spain
"Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. After an initial wave of conquistadors—aided by military advantages and infectious diseases that decimated the native populations— defeated the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas, Spain organized a huge imperial system to exploit the land, labor, and mineral wealth of the New World. The Spanish empire became the largest European empire since ancient Rome, and Spain used the wealth of the Americas to finance nearly endless warfare in Europe, protecting the Americas with a vast navy and powerful army and bringing Catholicism to the New World. The growth of a racially mixed society eventually caused rifts to develop between Spain and its American colonies, and by 1824, all of Spain's New World colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico had fought for and won their independence."-
http://www.shmoop.com/spanish-colonization/
Spain colonized most of South America for God, Gold, and Glory. Spain used the money and wealth from the New World to expand their empire to one of the largest in Europe. By 1824, almost all the countries in the New World declared independence.
"Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. After an initial wave of conquistadors—aided by military advantages and infectious diseases that decimated the native populations— defeated the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas, Spain organized a huge imperial system to exploit the land, labor, and mineral wealth of the New World. The Spanish empire became the largest European empire since ancient Rome, and Spain used the wealth of the Americas to finance nearly endless warfare in Europe, protecting the Americas with a vast navy and powerful army and bringing Catholicism to the New World. The growth of a racially mixed society eventually caused rifts to develop between Spain and its American colonies, and by 1824, all of Spain's New World colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico had fought for and won their independence."-
http://www.shmoop.com/spanish-colonization/
Spain colonized most of South America for God, Gold, and Glory. Spain used the money and wealth from the New World to expand their empire to one of the largest in Europe. By 1824, almost all the countries in the New World declared independence.
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
"The territory of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was incorporated for 500 years of into the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman control was brought to an end by the Balkan Wars (1912–13), after which Macedonia was divided among Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Following World War I, the Serbian segment was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). "-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was first under the Ottoman Empire. Then it was divided among Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Only After World War I, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became part of Yugoslavia, which later fell.
"The territory of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was incorporated for 500 years of into the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman control was brought to an end by the Balkan Wars (1912–13), after which Macedonia was divided among Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Following World War I, the Serbian segment was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). "-
https://www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was first under the Ottoman Empire. Then it was divided among Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Only After World War I, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became part of Yugoslavia, which later fell.